专题：numpy pandas

两个基础的科学计算包，但是pandas生态，真是望尘莫及，管中窥豹，略见一斑。于是想测试下自己到底掌握多少用法，知道自己什么地方不行，才能学啊。

numpy

创建numpy数组：普通 np.array()，特殊：zeros、ones 、numpy数组常用属性 ndim、shape、size 。加减乘除运算，索引，合并，分割。

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# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 基础的numpy数组的属性
    # np_array = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]])
    # print(np_array.ndim)  # 2
    # print(np_array.shape)  # (2,3)
    # print(np_array.size)  # 6

    # numpy各式数组
    a = np.zeros([2, 3])
    b = np.ones([1, 4]).reshape((2, 2))  # reshape参数要写在一个小括号里
    c = np.linspace(1, 10, 6).reshape((2, 3))
    print(" ------")
    print(c)  # [[ 1.   2.8  4.6]
    # [ 6.4  8.2 10. ]] 1到10分6个数 并且是2行3列
    print('------')

    # d = np.arange(1, 10, 2)  # 类似于平常用的range
    # print(d)

    # numpy数组的加减乘 次方 矩阵的运算
    # a = np.arange(1, 5).reshape((2, 2))
    # print(a)
    # b = np.array([[2, 3], [1, 4]])
    # print(b)
    # c_dot = a.dot(b)
    # c_dot2 = np.dot(a, b)
    # print(c_dot)
    # print(c_dot2)

    # a = np.random.random((2,3))
    # print(a)
    # print(np.min(a,axis=1))  # axis=1 行
    # print(np.max(a,axis=0))   # axis=0 列

    # a = np.arange(14, 2, -1).reshape((3, 4))
    # print(a)
    # print(a.clip(4,10))  # 截断 小于4的元素都赋值为4 大于10的都赋值为10
    # print(np.transpose(a))  # 转置矩阵
    # print(np.argmax(a))  # 最大元素的索引
    # print(np.argmin(a))
    # print(np.median(a))  # 中位数
    # print(np.cumsum(a))  # 逐步累加
    # print(np.diff(a))  # 累差 当前这个减去前一个
    # print(np.nonzero(a))  # 非0的行列索引
    # print(np.mean(a,axis=0))  # 每列的平均值

    # 索引
    # a = np.arange(2,10).reshape(2,4)
    # print(a)
    # print(a.flatten())  # 改成序列
    # for item in a.flat:
    #     print(item)
    # for row in a:
    #     print(row)  # 行
    # for column in a.T:  # 没有直接的遍历列 结合转置
    #     print(column)
    # 合并
    # a = np.array([9, 7, 7, 9])[:, np.newaxis]
    # b = np.array([9, 7, 8, 8])[:, np.newaxis]
    # c = np.hstack((a,b))  # 水平合并
    # d = np.vstack((a,b))  # 垂直合并
    # print(a)
    # print(b)
    # e = np.concatenate((a, b), axis=1)
    # c = np.hstack((a, b))  # 水平合并
    # print(c)
    # print(e)

    # 分割
    # a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4)
    # print(a)
    # b = np.array_split(a,3,axis=1)  # 不等量分割
    # print(b)
    # c = np.vsplit(a,3)
    # print(c)
    # d = np.split(a,3,axis=0)  # split要指定axis
    # print(d)
    # deep copy
    a = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
    b = a.copy()  # 深拷贝 a与b就没关系了 只是传了元素的值 没有指向同一空间
    print(a)
    a[1][1] = 2
    print(a)
    print(b)
    b[1][1] = 7
    print(a)
    print(b)

pandas

同样是很常见很常用，但是python竞技，菜是原罪，小学鸡的我要来复盘，以求更准确快速地使用。

生成对象

基本上是DataFrame，Series。

用值列表生成 Series，用含日期时间索引与标签的 NumPy 数组生成 DataFrame，用 Series 字典对象生成 DataFrame，

查看数据

基本用法：df.head()，df.tail()，df.index()，df.columns()，df.describe()。NumPy 数组只有一种数据类型，DataFrame 每列的数据类型各不相同。调用 DataFrame.to_numpy() 时，Pandas 查找支持 DataFrame 里所有数据类型的 NumPy 数据类型。

选择部分数据

df[’ column_name’]用于选择单列，用[]切片行，比如df[0:3]显示的是第0，1，2行。也可以用每行的其它列数据作索引。

按标签选择，df.loc[df[number]] # 用标签提取一行数据

用标签选择多行数据，df.loc[:,[‘column1’,‘column2’]]，

df.loc[‘value1’:‘value2’,[‘column1’,‘column2’]] 相较上行代码，选择的行有了筛选。

返回对象降维，df.loc[‘某行的值’,[‘column1’,'column2]]

按位置选择，用整数位置选择，df.iloc[number]，

用整数切片，df.iloc[1:3,0:2]

用整数列表按位置切片，df.iloc[[1,2,4],[0,2]]

选择DataFrame里满足条件的值，

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df.T  # 转置数据
df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)  # 按轴排序
df.sort_values(by='column_name')  # 按值排序
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# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10))
    df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape(3,4))
    dates = pd.date_range('20160101', periods=6)
    print(df)
    print(df.sort_index(axis=0,ascending=False))  # 对行 逆序 3行 2行 1行
    df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
    pd.date_range()

#生成对象

用值列表生成 Series (opens new window)时，Pandas 默认自动生成整数索引：

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In [3]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])

In [4]: s
Out[4]: 
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

用含日期时间索引与标签的 NumPy 数组生成 DataFrame (opens new window)：

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In [5]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)

In [6]: dates
Out[6]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [7]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))

In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

用 Series 字典对象生成 DataFrame:

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In [9]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
   ...:                     'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
   ...:                     'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
   ...:                     'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
   ...:                     'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
   ...:                     'F': 'foo'})
   ...: 

In [10]: df2
Out[10]: 
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

DataFrame 的列有不同数据类型 (opens new window)。

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In [11]: df2.dtypes
Out[11]: 
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

IPython支持 tab 键自动补全列名与公共属性。下面是部分可自动补全的属性：

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In [12]: df2.<TAB>  # noqa: E225, E999
df2.A                  df2.bool
df2.abs                df2.boxplot
df2.add                df2.C
df2.add_prefix         df2.clip
df2.add_suffix         df2.clip_lower
df2.align              df2.clip_upper
df2.all                df2.columns
df2.any                df2.combine
df2.append             df2.combine_first
df2.apply              df2.compound
df2.applymap           df2.consolidate
df2.D

列 A、B、C、D 和 E 都可以自动补全；为简洁起见，此处只显示了部分属性。

#查看数据

详见基础用法 (opens new window)文档。

下列代码说明如何查看 DataFrame 头部和尾部数据：

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In [13]: df.head()
Out[13]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

In [14]: df.tail(3)
Out[14]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示索引与列名：

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In [15]: df.index
Out[15]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [16]: df.columns
Out[16]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

DataFrame.to_numpy() (opens new window)输出底层数据的 NumPy 对象。注意，DataFrame (opens new window)的列由多种数据类型组成时，该操作耗费系统资源较大，这也是 Pandas 和 NumPy 的本质区别：NumPy 数组只有一种数据类型，DataFrame 每列的数据类型各不相同。调用 DataFrame.to_numpy() (opens new window)时，Pandas 查找支持 DataFrame 里所有数据类型的 NumPy 数据类型。还有一种数据类型是 object，可以把 DataFrame 列里的值强制转换为 Python 对象。

下面的 df 这个 DataFrame (opens new window)里的值都是浮点数，DataFrame.to_numpy() (opens new window)的操作会很快，而且不复制数据。

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In [17]: df.to_numpy()
Out[17]: 
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
       [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
       [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
       [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
       [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
       [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

df2 这个 DataFrame (opens new window)包含了多种类型，DataFrame.to_numpy() (opens new window)操作就会耗费较多资源。

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In [18]: df2.to_numpy()
Out[18]: 
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']], dtype=object)

提醒

DataFrame.to_numpy() (opens new window)的输出不包含行索引和列标签。

describe() (opens new window)可以快速查看数据的统计摘要：

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In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

转置数据：

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In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按轴排序：

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In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按值排序：

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In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

#选择

提醒

选择、设置标准 Python / Numpy 的表达式已经非常直观，交互也很方便，但对于生产代码，我们还是推荐优化过的 Pandas 数据访问方法：.at、.iat、.loc 和 .iloc。

详见索引与选择数据 (opens new window)、多层索引与高级索引 (opens new window)文档。

#获取数据

选择单列，产生 Series，与 df.A 等效：

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In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

用 [ ] 切片行：

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In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

#按标签选择

详见按标签选择 (opens new window)。

用标签提取一行数据：

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In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

用标签选择多列数据：

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In [27]: df.loc[:, ['A', 'B']]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

用标签切片，包含行与列结束点：

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In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104', ['A', 'B']]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

返回对象降维：

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In [29]: df.loc['20130102', ['A', 'B']]
Out[29]: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

提取标量值：

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In [30]: df.loc[dates[0], 'A']
Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628

快速访问标量，与上述方法等效：

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In [31]: df.at[dates[0], 'A']
Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628

#按位置选择

详见按位置选择 (opens new window)。

用整数位置选择：

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In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

类似 NumPy / Python，用整数切片：

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In [33]: df.iloc[3:5, 0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

类似 NumPy / Python，用整数列表按位置切片：

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In [34]: df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

显式整行切片：

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In [35]: df.iloc[1:3, :]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

显式整列切片：

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In [36]: df.iloc[:, 1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

显式提取值：

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In [37]: df.iloc[1, 1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

快速访问标量，与上述方法等效：

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In [38]: df.iat[1, 1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

#布尔索引

用单列的值选择数据：

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In [39]: df[df.A > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

选择 DataFrame 里满足条件的值：

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In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

用 isin() (opens new window)筛选：

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In [41]: df2 = df.copy()

In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']

In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

In [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two', 'four'])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

#赋值

用索引自动对齐新增列的数据：

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In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df['F'] = s1

按标签赋值：

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In [48]: df.at[dates[0], 'A'] = 0

按位置赋值：

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In [49]: df.iat[0, 1] = 0

按 NumPy 数组赋值：

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In [50]: df.loc[:, 'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))

上述赋值结果：

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In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0

用 where 条件赋值：

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In [52]: df2 = df.copy()

In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

#缺失值

Pandas 主要用 np.nan 表示缺失数据。 计算时，默认不包含空值。详见缺失数据 (opens new window)。

重建索引（reindex）可以更改、添加、删除指定轴的索引，并返回数据副本，即不更改原数据。

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In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

删除所有含缺失值的行：

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In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

填充缺失值：

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In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

提取 nan 值的布尔掩码：

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In [60]: pd.isna(df1)
Out[60]: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

#运算

详见二进制操作 (opens new window)。

#统计

一般情况下，运算时排除缺失值。

描述性统计：

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In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

在另一个轴(即，行)上执行同样的操作：

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In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

不同维度对象运算时，要先对齐。 此外，Pandas 自动沿指定维度广播。

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In [63]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)

In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

#Apply 函数

Apply 函数处理数据：

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In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

#直方图

详见直方图与离散化 (opens new window)。

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In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))

In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64

In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
6    2
2    2
1    1
dtype: int64

#字符串方法

Series 的 str 属性包含一组字符串处理功能，如下列代码所示。注意，str 的模式匹配默认使用正则表达式 (opens new window)。详见矢量字符串方法 (opens new window)。

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In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

#合并（Merge）

#结合（Concat）

Pandas 提供了多种将 Series、DataFrame 对象组合在一起的功能，用索引与关联代数功能的多种设置逻辑可执行连接（join）与合并（merge）操作。

详见合并 (opens new window)。

concat() (opens new window)用于连接 Pandas 对象：

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In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# 分解为多组
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

#连接（join）

SQL 风格的合并。 详见数据库风格连接 (opens new window)。

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In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2

In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

这里还有一个例子：

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In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [84]: left
Out[84]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  bar     2

In [85]: right
Out[85]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  bar     5

In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[86]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  bar     2     5

#追加（Append）

为 DataFrame 追加行。详见追加 (opens new window)文档。

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In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

In [88]: df
Out[88]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758

In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]

In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[90]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
8  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610

#分组（Grouping）

“group by” 指的是涵盖下列一项或多项步骤的处理流程：

  • 分割：按条件把数据分割成多组；
  • 应用：为每组单独应用函数；
  • 组合：将处理结果组合成一个数据结构。

详见分组 (opens new window)。

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In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
   ....:                          'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
   ....:                    'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
   ....:                          'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
   ....:                    'C': np.random.randn(8),
   ....:                    'D': np.random.randn(8)})
   ....: 

In [92]: df
Out[92]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033

先分组，再用 sum() (opens new window)函数计算每组的汇总数据：

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In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[93]: 
            C        D
A                     
bar -2.802588  2.42611
foo  3.146492 -0.63958

多列分组后，生成多层索引，也可以应用 sum 函数：

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In [94]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum()
Out[94]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one   -1.814470  2.395985
    three -0.595447  0.166599
    two   -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one   -1.195665 -0.616981
    three  1.928123 -1.623033
    two    2.414034  1.600434

#重塑（Reshaping）

详见多层索引 (opens new window)与重塑 (opens new window)。

#堆叠（Stack）

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In [95]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
   ....:                      'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
   ....:                     ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
   ....:                      'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
   ....: 

In [96]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])

In [97]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])

In [98]: df2 = df[:4]

In [99]: df2
Out[99]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

stack() (opens new window)方法把 DataFrame 列压缩至一层：

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In [100]: stacked = df2.stack()

In [101]: stacked
Out[101]: 
first  second   
               B   -0.542108
       two     A    0.282696
               B   -0.087302
baz    one     A   -1.575170
               B    1.771208
       two     A    0.816482
               B    1.100230
dtype: float64

压缩后的 DataFrame 或 Series 具有多层索引， stack() (opens new window)的逆操作是 unstack() (opens new window)，默认为拆叠最后一层：

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In [102]: stacked.unstack()
Out[102]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

In [103]: stacked.unstack(1)
Out[103]: 
second        one       two
first                      
bar   A  0.029399  0.282696
      B -0.542108 -0.087302
baz   A -1.575170  0.816482
      B  1.771208  1.100230

In [104]: stacked.unstack(0)
Out[104]: 
first          bar       baz
second                      
one    A  0.029399 -1.575170
       B -0.542108  1.771208
two    A  0.282696  0.816482
       B -0.087302  1.100230

#数据透视表（Pivot Tables）

详见数据透视表 (opens new window)。

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In [105]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
   .....:                    'B': ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
   .....:                    'C': ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
   .....:                    'D': np.random.randn(12),
   .....:                    'E': np.random.randn(12)})
   .....: 

In [106]: df
Out[106]: 
        A  B    C         D         E
0     one  A  foo  1.418757 -0.179666
1     one  B  foo -1.879024  1.291836
2     two  C  foo  0.536826 -0.009614
3   three  A  bar  1.006160  0.392149
4     one  B  bar -0.029716  0.264599
5     one  C  bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6     two  A  foo  0.100900 -1.425638
7   three  B  foo -1.035018  1.024098
8     one  C  foo  0.314665 -0.106062
9     one  A  bar -0.773723  1.824375
10    two  B  bar -1.170653  0.595974
11  three  C  bar  0.648740  1.167115

用上述数据生成数据透视表非常简单：

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In [107]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[107]: 
C             bar       foo
A     B                    
one   A -0.773723  1.418757
      B -0.029716 -1.879024
      C -1.146178  0.314665
three A  1.006160       NaN
      B       NaN -1.035018
      C  0.648740       NaN
two   A       NaN  0.100900
      B -1.170653       NaN
      C       NaN  0.536826

#时间序列(TimeSeries)

Pandas 为频率转换时重采样提供了虽然简单易用，但强大高效的功能，如，将秒级的数据转换为 5 分钟为频率的数据。这种操作常见于财务应用程序，但又不仅限于此。详见时间序列 (opens new window)。

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In [108]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')

In [109]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)

In [110]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()
Out[110]: 
2012-01-01    25083
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64

时区表示：

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In [111]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')

In [112]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)

In [113]: ts
Out[113]: 
2012-03-06    0.464000
2012-03-07    0.227371
2012-03-08   -0.496922
2012-03-09    0.306389
2012-03-10   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [114]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')

In [115]: ts_utc
Out[115]: 
2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00    0.464000
2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00    0.227371
2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00   -0.496922
2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00    0.306389
2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

转换成其它时区：

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In [116]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
Out[116]: 
2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00    0.464000
2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00    0.227371
2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00   -0.496922
2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00    0.306389
2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

转换时间段：

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In [117]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')

In [118]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)

In [119]: ts
Out[119]: 
2012-01-31   -1.134623
2012-02-29   -1.561819
2012-03-31   -0.260838
2012-04-30    0.281957
2012-05-31    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64

In [120]: ps = ts.to_period()

In [121]: ps
Out[121]: 
2012-01   -1.134623
2012-02   -1.561819
2012-03   -0.260838
2012-04    0.281957
2012-05    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64

In [122]: ps.to_timestamp()
Out[122]: 
2012-01-01   -1.134623
2012-02-01   -1.561819
2012-03-01   -0.260838
2012-04-01    0.281957
2012-05-01    1.523962
Freq: MS, dtype: float64

Pandas 函数可以很方便地转换时间段与时间戳。下例把以 11 月为结束年份的季度频率转换为下一季度月末上午 9 点：

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In [123]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')

In [124]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)

In [125]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9

In [126]: ts.head()
Out[126]: 
1990-03-01 09:00   -0.902937
1990-06-01 09:00    0.068159
1990-09-01 09:00   -0.057873
1990-12-01 09:00   -0.368204
1991-03-01 09:00   -1.144073
Freq: H, dtype: float64

#类别型（Categoricals）

Pandas 的 DataFrame 里可以包含类别数据。完整文档详见类别简介 (opens new window)和 API 文档 (opens new window)。

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In [127]: df = pd.DataFrame({"id": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
   .....:                    "raw_grade": ['a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'e']})
   .....:

将 grade 的原生数据转换为类别型数据：

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In [128]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")

In [129]: df["grade"]
Out[129]: 
0    a
1    b
2    b
3    a
4    a
5    e
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, e]

用有含义的名字重命名不同类型，调用 Series.cat.categories。

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In [130]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good", "good", "very bad"]

重新排序各类别，并添加缺失类，Series.cat 的方法默认返回新 Series。

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In [131]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium",
   .....:                                               "good", "very good"])
   .....: 

In [132]: df["grade"]
Out[132]: 
0    very good
1         good
2         good
3    very good
4    very good
5     very bad
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]

注意，这里是按生成类别时的顺序排序，不是按词汇排序：

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In [133]: df.sort_values(by="grade")
Out[133]: 
   id raw_grade      grade
5   6         e   very bad
1   2         b       good
2   3         b       good
0   1         a  very good
3   4         a  very good
4   5         a  very good

按类列分组（groupby）时，即便某类别为空，也会显示：

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In [134]: df.groupby("grade").size()
Out[134]: 
grade
very bad     1
bad          0
medium       0
good         2
very good    3
dtype: int64

#可视化

详见可视化 (opens new window)文档。

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In [135]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000),
   .....:                index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
   .....: 

In [136]: ts = ts.cumsum()

In [137]: ts.plot()
Out[137]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f2b5771ac88>

可视化

DataFrame 的 plot() (opens new window)方法可以快速绘制所有带标签的列：

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In [138]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index,
   .....:                   columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
   .....: 

In [139]: df = df.cumsum()

In [140]: plt.figure()
Out[140]: <Figure size 640x480 with 0 Axes>

In [141]: df.plot()
Out[141]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f2b53a2d7f0>

In [142]: plt.legend(loc='best')
Out[142]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7f2b539728d0>

可视化2

#数据输入 / 输出

#CSV

写入 CSV 文件 (opens new window)。

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In [143]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')

读取 CSV 文件数据：

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In [144]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')
Out[144]: 
     Unnamed: 0          A          B         C          D
0    2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
1    2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2    2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
3    2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
4    2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
5    2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
6    2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
..          ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
993  2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
994  2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
995  2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
996  2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
997  2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
998  2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
999  2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 5 columns]

#HDF5

详见 HDFStores (opens new window)文档。

写入 HDF5 Store：

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In [145]: df.to_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')

读取 HDF5 Store：

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In [146]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')
Out[146]: 
                    A          B         C          D
2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
...               ...        ...       ...        ...
2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 4 columns]

#Excel

详见 Excel (opens new window)文档。

写入 Excel 文件：

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In [147]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')

读取 Excel 文件：

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In [148]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])
Out[148]: 
    Unnamed: 0          A          B         C          D
0   2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
1   2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2   2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
3   2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
4   2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
5   2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
6   2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
..         ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
993 2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
994 2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
995 2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
996 2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
997 2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
998 2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 5 columns]

执行某些操作，将触发异常，如:

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>>> if pd.Series([False, True, False]):
...     print("I was true")
Traceback
    ...
ValueError: The truth value of an array is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.any() or a.all().

在drop里的axis参数是为1，表示删除列.

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tag:

    缺失模块。
    1、请确保node版本大于6.2
    2、在博客根目录（注意不是yilia根目录）执行以下命令：
    npm i hexo-generator-json-content --save

    3、在根目录_config.yml里添加配置： 

      jsonContent:
    meta: false
    pages: false
    posts:
      title: true
      date: true
      path: true
      text: false
      raw: false
      content: false
      slug: false
      updated: false
      comments: false
      link: false
      permalink: false
      excerpt: false
      categories: false
      tags: true

假如我不再敷衍.